Single-layer Winding It is that winding in which one conductor or one coil side is placed in each armature slot as shown in Fig. 26.27. Such a winding is not much used. Two-layer Winding In this type of winding, there are two conductors or coil sides per slot arranged in two layers. Usually, one side of every coil lies in the upper half of one slot and other side lies in the lower half of some other slot at a distance of approximately one pitch away (Fig. 26.28). The transfer of the coil from one slot to another is usually made in a radial plane by means of a peculiar bend or twist at the back end as shown in Fig. 26.29. Such windings in which two coil sides occupy each slot are most commonly used for all medium-sized machines. Sometimes 4 or 6 or 8 coil sides are used in each slot in read more

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Armature Windings The mean­ing of the following terms used in connection with armature winding should be clearly kept in mind. Pole-pitch It may be variously defined as : i) The periphery of the armature divided by the number of poles of the generator i.e. the distance between two adjacent poles. ii) It is equal to the number of armature conductors (or armature slots) per pole. If there are 48 conductors and 4 poles, the pole pitch is 48/4 = 12. Conductor The length of a wire lying in the magnetic field and in which an e.m.f. is induced, is called a conductor (or inductor) as. for example, length AB or CO in Fig. 26.21 Coil and Winding Element With reference lo Fig. 26.21. the two conductors AB and CD along with their end connections constitute one coil of the armature winding. The read more

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Gate circuit should also be protected against overvoltages and over currents. Overvoltages across the gate circuit can cause false triggering of the SCR. Overcurrent may raise junction temperature beyond specified limit leading to its damage. Protection against over-voltages is achieved by connecting a zener diode ZD across the gate circuit. A resistor R2 connected in series with the gate circuit provides protection against overcurrents. A common problem in thyristor circuits is that they suffer from spurious, or noise, firing. Turning-on or turning-off of an SCR may induce trigger pulses in a nearby SCR. Sometimes transients in a power circuit may also cause unwanted signal to appear across the gate of a neighbouring SCR. These undesirable trigger pulses may turn on the SCR leading to read more

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As thyristor possesses high surge current capability, it can be used in an electronic crowbar circuit for overcurrent protection of power converters using SCRs. An electronic crowbar protection provides rapid isolation of the power converter before any damage occurs Fig. 4.28 illustrates the basic principle of electronic crowbar protection. A crowbar thyristor is connected across the input dc terminals. A current sensing resistor detects the value of converter current. If it exceeds preset value, gate circuit provides the signal to crowbar SCR and turns it on in a few microseconds. The input terminals are then short-circuited by crowbar SCR and it shunts away the converter overcurrent. The crowbar thyristor current depends upon the source voltage and its impedance. After some time, main read more

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Thyristors have small thermal time constants. Therefore, if a thyristor is subjected to overcurrent due to faults, short circuits or surge currents ; its junction temperature may exceed the rated value and the device may be damaged. There is thus a need for the overcurrent protection of SCRs. As in other electrical systems, overcurrent protection in thyristor circuits is achieved through the use of circuit breakers and fast-acting fuses as shown in Fig. 4.29. The type of protection used against overcurrent depends upon whether the supply system is weak or stiff. In a weak supply network, fault current is limited by the source impedance below the multi-cycle surge current rating of the thyristor. In machine tool and excavator drives, if the motor stalls due to overloads, the current is read more

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Thyristors are very sensitive to overvoltages just as other semi-conductor devices are. Overvoltage transients are perhaps the main cause of thyristor failure. Transient overvoltages cause either maloperation of the circuit by unwanted turn-on of a thyristor or permanent damage to the device due to reverse breakdown. A thyristor may be subjected to internal or external overvoltages ; the former is caused by the thyristor operation whereas the latter comes from the supply lines or the load circuit. (i) Internal overvoltages. Large voltages may be generated internally during the commutation of a thyristor. After thyristor anode current reduces to zero, anode current reverses due to stored charges. This reverse recovery current rises to a peak value at which time the SCR begins to block. read more

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A snubber circuit consists of a series combination of resistance Rs and capacitance Cs in parallel with the thyristor as shown in Fig. 4.25. Strictly speaking, a capacitor Cs in parallel with the device is sufficient to prevent unwanted dv/dt triggering of the SCR. When switch S is closed, a sudden voltage appears across the circuit. Capacitor Cs behaves like a short circuit, therefore voltage across SCR is zero. With the passage of time, voltage across Cs builds up at a slow rate such that dv/dt across Cs and therefore across SCR is less than the specified maximum dv/dt rating of the device. Here the question arises that if Cs is enough to prevent accidental turn-on of the device by dv/dt, what is the need of putting Rs in series with Cs ? The answer to this is as under. Before SCR is read more

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Reliable operation of a thyristor demands that its specified ratings are not exceeded. In practice, a thyristor may be subjected to overvoltages or overcurrents. During SCR turn-on, di/dt may be prohibitively large. There may be false triggering of SCR by high value of dv/dt. A spurious signal across gate-cathode terminals may lead to unwanted turn-on. A thyristor must be protected against all such abnormal conditions for satisfactory and reliable operation of SCR circuit and the equipment. SCRs are very delicate devices, their protection against abnormal operating conditions is, therefore, essential. The object of this section is to discuss various techniques adopted for the protection of SCRs. (a) di/dt protection. When a thyristor is forward biased and is turned on by a gate pulse, read more

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